Summary

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vast network of various heterogeneous devices that offers a variety of cutting-edge services and applications. IoT networks allow for the seamless interconnection of cyber and physical systems through the integration of data and services. However, there are significant challenges in this field due to the heterogeneity of devices, underlying technologies, and lack of standardisation. This research article aims to present a thorough overview of the enabling technologies and standards that make up the IoT technology stack in light of these difficulties. First, a layered architecture approach is presented, with each layer discussing current research and open challenges.

The next section of this research article focuses on the function of middleware platforms in the creation and integration of IoT applications. This article also discusses unsolved problems and offers detailed instructions for IoT stack optimization. Finally, by discussing ongoing research and open challenges in this field, the integration of fog/edge networks with the IoT technology stack is thoroughly investigated. The primary goal of this study is to provide an in-depth analysis of IoT technology (the horizontal fabric), the associated middleware, and the networks needed to create applications that are future-proof (the vertical markets).